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The universe is expanding, and the rate of this expansion is referred to as the Hubble constant, a crucial factor in understanding both the evolution and the future of our cosmos. It's like a balloon inflating-this constant measures how quickly that balloon is expanding. However, measuring the Hubble constant is proving to be quite tricky. Different methods yield different results, leading to what's known as the "Hubble tension."
Astronomers use two primary methods to measure the Hubble constant: distance indicators like supernovae and cosmic afterglow from the early universe, known as the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB). These methods should give the same value for the expansion rate, but they don't. Supernovae indicate a faster rate of 74 kilometers per second per megaparsec, while the CMB suggests a slower rate of 67.4 kilometers per second per megaparsec. This discrepancy has baffled scientists for years.
Adding fuel to this debate, the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) recently observed a distant supernova called "Supernova Hope." This explosion occurred around 10.3 billion years ago when the universe was 3.5 billion years old. By analyzing this supernova, scientists reported a Hubble constant value of 75.4 kilometers per second per megaparsec, aligning with local universe measurements but conflicting with early universe data, worsening the Hubble tension.
The Hubble tension isn't the only cosmological mystery. Another problem, known as the S8 tension, revolves around how matter clumps together in the universe. Recent large-scale simulations using supercomputers like FLAMINGO have attempted to solve this by including more detailed data about both dark matter and regular matter. While these simulations have provided insights into galaxy formation, they haven't yet resolved the issue. Scientists remain optimistic, though, as further observations from the JWST and other instruments may eventually offer the answers.
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Негізгі бет Why Are Scientists Worldwide Suddenly Nervous by the New JWST Discovery from 10.8 Billion Years Ago?
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